The Life and Times of American POWs in Korea Free Essays

string(63) " camp as a POW tom says in the book that about 1,500 men died\." The world war two as well as the cold war was understood in a different concept from the Korean War. In them the Americans fought for both survival and virtue not Realpolitik, there was little chance in the imaginative minds for negotiation even though the general public had a very simple understanding of the Korean conflict. The U. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and Times of American POWs in Korea or any similar topic only for you Order Now S government planners tempered them own impressions with such strategy and belief of thrust and parry. The U.S interest in the Korean peninsula is often said to have been limited in that planners were ready to cut their losses in the even that the conflict challenged to undermine the global prepondence of power. Thus, there were various effects whose magnitudes were immeasurable. For instance, the shootings within the peninsula may have been limited, but the magnitude of fear among the fighting soldiers was not.[1] The fighting was so intense and fierce as well as unpredictable that even Seoul, changed hands about 4 times.   Initially the Americans seemed to have won the war when General Douglas until the people’s republic of china got involved in the war. The Chinese army and other communist forces surrounded the Americans to hand them their worst defeat ever. The often called â€Å"great bug out† was a cruel shock and a rude awakening to a nation that had invented the atomic bomb, beat the Axis of â€Å"evil† attained prosperity while rebuilding Europe and with the belief that their Asian counterparts were backward and incapable of mounting any major challenge. The Chinese propaganda machine put a lot of emphasis on allied atrocities as well as conversion of POWs to Marxism. [2]At the early stages of the wrangles ever peace terms Republic of China started relentless changes of germ warfare. A majority of the reports published were supported by confessions relieved from POWs who were under () with often supervision from international inspectors with varying credibility. A large number and probably all the germ warfare confessions were falsified. At the end of the armistice talks, most of what was left was dedicated to the prisoners with the talks lasting for about half the time of the war. More recently the thesis that the Korean prisoners of war certainly prone to collaborate have been judged as a tenacious one, even though it had been meticulously debunked as early as 1963 by the pentagon. The situation in Korea was that of captivity being different rather than the captive. The U.S prisoners were coerced to give confessions in Marxist jargon. Instead of having just a quite session to inform fellows, as had been the case in earlier conflicts. The Korean was encompassed periods of incarceration as cruel as any American encounter, with about a third perishing resulting in a highly coercive atmosphere. If by any chance there was collaboration in Korea, then the situation can best be explained by the demands of the captors as well as the conditions the captive were subjected to instead of just a decline in character of youth. Although the POWs, may not have a permanent or profound revolution in their thought patterns still they were subject to vigorous and routinely indoctrination processes. This kind of methodology was responsible for a large number of collaboration that superficially appeared as a personality transformation. Within the camps, separating officers and â€Å"natural† leaders from the rest of POWs did the segregation. Such tactics like the encouraging race, class as well as political affiliation so as to abrade personal lies and group places among the POWs. Albeit the Chinese forces proclaimed the policy of â€Å"leniency† it was often on the theoretical basis as most the camps were inherently coercive.   In this often-coercive environment the Chinese forces added a forum from where the prisoners could often be minutely scrutinized for compliance. A brief summery of personal accounts from some of the soldiers who took part in the Korean War would probably provide a better insight to the flight of the prisoners of war. After graduating from high school (1950) Tom Gaylets was recruited in the U.S army, fort Knox, Kentucky for a period of six weeks. He later joined his brother and other soldiers who were in Korea. His unit has changed with the duties of blowing up bridges making roads while at same time removing and locating enemies. This particular unit according to tom moved up and down Korea encountering 21 battles in extreme wealthier condition. (summer 100 degrees) to less than 40 degree in winter) the experience according to him was like â€Å"a hell hole because we fought the war 24 hours a day seven days a week†.[3] There was no such a thing as taking a break. The soldiers were always at the frontline. The following year (may 17 1951) tom was called up by his commanding officer with the excitement at the prospect of arriving home was short lived the following morning when Chinese soldiers attacked their division. After a while the Chinese soldiers captured them, they were taken to a holding area until later at night in order to move them. After that the torture exercise began the Chinese made them carry sickness, hunger, and fatigue! They were not offered anything to eat by the Chinese soldiers, and ate anything that they could find on their way.[4] The food that was served to soldiers was terrible though there was a gradual change after some time. For instance there was one point where tom says that they were served rice and noticed some piece of meat in the rice. Thinking that things had changed for better the soldiers were upbeat only to realize the following day that a rat had accidentally gotten in to their food but the Chinese soldiers intentionally ignored and instead went a head to serve it to them. They were not served meat in their meals until some time in 1953. In the course of his stay at the camp as a POW tom says in the book that about 1,500 men died. You read "The Life and Times of American POWs in Korea" in category "Essay examples" During the winter seasons the dead soldiers were wrapped and chopped on the hillside without any decent depict an act of dehumanization. Tom himself almost succumbed to death due to various factors like starvation, bouts of dysentery and apparently about 100 pounds.[5] The Chinese soldiers were constantly looking for excuses in order to punish the POWs. A friend was routinely (every morning) put in a four –by- four foot-hole and left for the rest of the day with a hat on his head. After that he would be taken out of every night only to be returned the next morning where he would fill out information with his hat on and then taken back to the hole. When Tom left to go and see some of his friends in the other company the Chinese solders would move him into a hut their start a fire there and leave him closed up for days. Another account by a soldier named David is a description of the deplorable conditions that they were subject to. After eluding the enemy soldiers for a couple of days, David and his compatriot were captured they were then taken through then initial positions and in fields and then hidden under cliff during the day. (Out-doors) they were not offered any sanitation or medical care. The food that was served to them was a brown powder and which was very little in quantity. This state of affairs was routinely carried out until June of 1951 when they were moved to a mining camp. At this stage a large number of prisoners began to die from starvation, while others died as a result of no medical care for the wounds and injuries sustained and others died from torture. Within his camp everyone according to David was plagued with dysentery that resulted in large number of soldiers dying in this camp. After about three months at the camp the soldiers then started moving them out to new camps. The transfer involved a matching process with no food while at the same time some of them were bombed by the U.S B24 which resulted to even more deaths. During the winter seasons some prisoners were given a pair of cotton pajamas but this all they had for the remaining seasons in spite of the fluctuating weather conditions which could go as well as below zero by about 40-50 degrees in the cold season be as lot as this in the included: body lice, dysentery, pneumonia, skin disorders, intestinal disorders, night blindness, beriberi, frostbites and the more insensitive one was the threat to be executed which often accompanied all Out of the approximately 7,190 prisoners of war, who were captured largely in the first months of the war, about 3,000 of them are estimated to have died in captivity about 43% of the mortality were as a result of starvation in a period that last about for six months (Nov 1950-Apr 1951. often the Chinese soldiers communist apologist normally argue that the U.S bombed most of the areas, thereby preventing the delivery of food.[6] However, some soldiers also claim that even though a large apart of the North Korean supply were heavily bombed most of the camps where the POWs were situated were right on the border of china, which had been exempted from bombing. Although the purposeful starvation of the American POWS had ceased in the early summer of 1951, a new phase of treatment greeted the POWs. This phase easy characterized by very disturbing experiences even to the American public than the initial murder by starvation method; the mass indoctrination in propaganda that were anti-American in philosophy often referred as brainwashing as well as the recruitment of the prisoners of war to regurgitate/repeat the learned propaganda in signed statements and even public broadcasts took hold. Even though the â€Å"brainwashing† term eventually fell out of favor, due to the belief by psychologists that the communist indoctrination had no permanent effect on a majority of POWS as soon as they returned, it however was both a mental and physical torture process. In the history of the war they were some points (1950-1951) that are considered significant. For instance, the purposeful starvation of POWs by the Korean and Chinese soldiers often broke the spirit of the prisoners. The resulting effect was that they ceased to help one another. Attempts by most officers to take command, coercing them to cooperate in their common interest, were often thwarted by the communist guards, unless the officers were willing to be collaborators. Some officers took up this choice, for example a Lt. Col Paul Liles and Harry Fleming chose this method by creating communist propaganda, and in return cutting down on the number of deaths in their camps.   Even though these officers were later court martialed, many still believe they played a crucial role in saving many lives that would otherwise have been lost if they had not taken this stance. Elsewhere, many prisoners were too apathetic to defend their comrades and even themselves from the predators and other thugs like James Gallagher and PFC Roth well Floyd. In one particular instance, that has stood out happened in 17 Feb 1951 when Sgt. Gallagher tossed two POWs that had been severely weakened by dysentery from inside the barrack to the cold where they froze to death. The reason given by him was that the body stench and the general stink of the unclean dysentery patients was a revolting one.   Although this may be accurate, when soldiers act as a team and care for one another, the survival rates is gotten very high. There were some prisoners too who were never reported. The U.S authorities had documented about 66 American personnel that had been held back by the communist forces against their will after the war ended. A majority of them had been captured outside of Korea, and as such were not considered under the armistice terms. So far nothing ever came of them over after concerted efforts by diplomatic missions to secure their release. There were about three general phases to the encounters of the POWs per most of the soldiers especially the ones who hired to tell their tale. For instance the soldiers who gave their personal accounts had the experience of marching which can be referred to as the â€Å"marching phase† in this phase the communist soldiers and particularly the Chinese subject the POWs to often walking barefoot while poorly clothed in bitterly cold weather. They were then marched from their points of capture to camps that were situated deep inside North Korea. The second phase which took place until sometime in October 1951 when a majority of the camps were left to the Chinese control, In this phase where a great deal of deaths about 40 percent as a result of starvation, malnutrition as well as denial of Medicare by the unsympathetic north Korean PA guards. Other than malnutrition, starvation and lack of medical care the experience of the soldiers also included such acts like night blindness. Most of the men interviewed have discussed night blindness among prisoners as well as guards, vegetable competing lacking from their diet or in small quantities that do not make up a balanced diet. These are enough conditions about torture lice cold together with dysentery. There are instance where a guard is told who was ready to offer his bag of lunch plus 2 hours head start to any prisoners of war was willing to escape from the prison camps. This is a testimony of the deplorable state of the prisons and the treatment offered to the soldiers. Most of the times there was no medication and if it was provided then it was inadequate with no records at all. Some prisoners were indoctrinated on a daily basis with the sessions lasing from morning to night with just a short break for the Chinese soldiers to have their lunch. In the mean time the prisoners were not offered any food and it is during such times when the brains rushing process began. The perception that was instilled in them was that of repeating communist ideals and philosophy that they had learned in the process.   At night the soldiers would come into the huts and make the soldiers sit while facing eth wall, and warmed with flash lights that shone on the prisoners’ faces, the soldiers made them repeat the communist philosophy References: Harry Spiller, 1998. American POWs in Korea, sixteen personal accounts. McFarland Company Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [1] Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [2] Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [3] (Harry Spiller, 1998). [4] (Harry Spiller, 1998). [5] Harry Spiller, 1998. American POWs in Korea, sixteen personal accounts. McFarland Company [6] (Harry Spiller, 1998)    How to cite The Life and Times of American POWs in Korea, Essay examples

The Ideal Customer Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Ideal Customer Essay, Research Paper The Ideal Customer Rarely is one asked to depict the ideal client in any facet non straight related to client service. Therefore, I find this a refreshing and extremely interesting undertaking to stretch my imaginativeness and experience covering with the nature of most clients. In this paper I will depict what attributes, attitude, and outlook makes up what I consider the perfect client. The ideal client is non so misanthropic they do non swear anyone or prejudge anyone before they see any consequences. They will besides be given to give you the benefit of the uncertainty but have small forbearance with hapless public presentation, intervention, or consequences. This client should besides hold the money or means to pay you that does non take the nutrient out of their kids # 8217 ; s oral cavities merely to acquire what they desire and non needfully what is needed in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Customer Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, they should hold the expendable income to afford what you are selling or supplying them with. They should besides hold an apprehension of what they are purchasing and what you are selling. This means that the client has done his/her prep before coming to the shop or concern that provides what the client desires. Furthermore, this client will hold gathered adequate information through some Gibler2 valuable research that they will hold a basic apprehension of what you are offering them. I think one of the most of import properties of the ideal client is their demand for quality. My ideal client demands high quality. Yet, realizes that errors can be made but need to be corrected instantly if it does happen. In this manner the ideal client is a great plus in supervising satisfaction and public presentation. This client would besides recognize the importance of being trusty and at good standing with all they deal with. This means non offering to pay in nutrient casts or demanding price reductions or seeking to swing trades that are merely worthy of the best used auto salesmen. The last property of my ideal client is that of trueness. This means that the client should purchase from me and show gratitude by mentioning other clients to me via word of oral cavity and recommendation. What I have described in this paper is what I consider to be the perfect client or what I would desire them to be. However, to be true, I had sat down and listed over 30 different properties that seemed to be ideal to me. Yet, someway narrowed it down to what I have described throughout this paper. Although, we all dream of the perfect client in different ways and we come up with a image that meets what we deem the perfect client, I # 8217 ; m sure that like the elusive terminal of the rainbow we will neer truly make the pot of gold and learn to demur each client for what they are, # 8220 ; human # 8221 ; .

Social Change and the Role of Environmental Factors

Table of Contents Introduction Types of Environmental Forces Resources Disasters or calamities Climatic Changes Degradation of environment References Introduction Environmental forces are factors that affect the growth, operations and survival of a society within a given context. They include the political environment in a society, its cultural beliefs, government regulations, changes in technology, natural disasters and demography factors among others (Charles and Steg, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Change and the Role of Environmental Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this paper is to discuss the five major environmental factors that impact on social changes within a society. In order to understand how environmental factors influence the society it is necessary that we understand what the concept of social change entails. Social change refers to the alteration or change in the social order of a given society or group of people especially with regard to nature, relationships, behavioral patterns in the society and the social institutions that define them. Social change is also used to refer to progress achieved by the society through evolution and revolution that may have been undertaken by members of that society. Types of Environmental Forces From time to time, any society will always experience some changes that will bring about alterations of the community settings that influence the activities that the society is engaged and its performance in general. The following are environmental factors that bring about social change in a society or group of people. Resources The amount and type of resources available to a given society will play a significant role in promoting social change (Crompton Kasser, 2010). Examples of vital resources include water, land and minerals among others which are used in the production of goods and services. The availa bility of such resources will determine to a great extent the level of production and output the society has. If factors of production such as land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are readily available, the production capacity of a society will definitely be high which implies potential for a stable economy. In this regard, goods and services will be readily available for sale in the market and employment opportunities will be created where people have constant source of income which will improve the overall living standards of the people. This will therefore lead to a social change that is positive as the lifestyle of people in the society will improve. On the other hand, if there are limited resources in a society, there will be stiff competition for them as everyone will be competing for these limited resources thereby leading to potential outbreaks of conflicts among members of the society. This will possibly lead to depletion of the resources which could bring about more conflicts in the society. Therefore, as we have seen availability of resources in a community plays a significant role in determining whether the social change that takes place is positive or negative.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disasters or calamities Natural calamities and disasters will influence to a great extent the nature of social change that occurs in a society. Hunger, earthquakes and civil war usually adversely affect a society in that it leads to displacements, migrations, change in lifestyle of the people and even loss life. During such cases, people are forced to adapt to new ways of life like constructing new homes, relocating to other places and coming up with new methods of sustenance in order to revert to the original way of life. In most cases, natural calamities usually bring about negative impacts and change in the society while in other cases, people ge t to reorganize themselves on a more solid foundation while they draw lessons from the calamity to better prepare for the future. In such a situation, the natural disasters will have promoted social change. A good example is seen when flooding takes place, in such cases some people have their homes swept away and as a result new and better homes are built elsewhere where flooding is unlikely to occur. In that case environmental forces have social change for the better. Climatic Changes In recent times, the climatic conditions have become quite unpredictable which has adversely affected farming activities globally. This is a serious concern given that farming as an economic activity especially in the developing countries forms the back-bone of the economy. Most often, such countries rely on agricultural exports as their source of income and therefore large proportion of citizens in such countries practice farming both on small scale and large scale. This implies that much of their in vestment centers on farming and in the event of unexpected weather patterns like short or excessive rains the entire produce might eventually fail. On the other hand, if the climatic patterns become predictable farmers will be able to invest more into farming without fear as they know that they will reap much. Some of the produce can then be used for domestic consumption while the surplus can be sold to generate income hence improving the living standards of the society. Degradation of environment Severe environmental degradation will lead to change in the lifestyle of people around it as it affects them negatively. Incidences of air pollution, land pollution and water pollution are most often seen to directly affect the health of the people leading to such diseases like breathing complications and water related diseases (Massicotte, 2009). This can at times trigger mass protests of the community members who might decide to demonstrate against such cases of environmental pollution. In conclusion therefore social change is seen to be caused by all of the above listed factors as well as others not discussed in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Change and the Role of Environmental Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Charles, V Steg, L. (2007) Environmental Psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 63Â  (1): 1-19. Crompton, T Kasser, T. (2010). Social Aspects. Journal of Environment, 52 (4): 23- 33. Massicotte, M. (2009). Activism. Globalizations, 6 (4): 411-431. Reuveny, R. (2009). Environmental Degradation. Social Science Quarterly, 90 (3): 461-479. This essay on Social Change and the Role of Environmental Factors was written and submitted by user Analia Benton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The maintenance and repair of the mobile crusher Essay Example

The maintenance and repair of the mobile crusher Essay Example The maintenance and repair of the mobile crusher Essay The maintenance and repair of the mobile crusher Essay Since the mobile crusher has the advantages of good mobility, the ability of extending with the raw materials or the construction place, and the ability of forming a variety of combinations, which can meet customers demand for different materials, therefore,it is deeply loved by the masses of customers. However, the daily work environment of the mobile crusher is very bad, and it is exposed to the weather every day, the equipment aging and failure is unavoidable, so we must maintain and repair it timely. Ill introduce the maintenance and repair of the mobile crusher as follows. 1 . The maintenance of the mobile crusher (1)The maintenance of the bearing lubrication. The bearings take the full load of the machine, so good lubrication is of great concern to the bearing service life. Let has a direct impact on the service life of the machine and running rate. Therefore,the users must lubricate the bearings periodically, and observe the parameters regularly,such as the oil temperature, oi l pressure, fuel, etc,once the problem is found must be resolved in a timely manner. )The maintenance of the equipment malfunction. When the equipment Is In operation, if the abnormal vibration or noise appear, you should Immediately stop to check,after the inspection and maintenance, carry out the no-load starts and do not start full load, to prevent the motor from high levels of stress and burnout. And pay attention to check the degree of wear and tear of each parts, the serious worn parts must be promptly replaced. . The repair of the the mobile crusher In order to make the equipment keep a good performance, In Dalton to the normal maintenance,you also need to carry out the minor repair,medium repair and overhaul as planned-overhaul Is to disintegrate all or most of the parts for a comprehensive Inspection, while,the medium repair and minor repair are relatively simple, you only need to change some parts for maintenance. TLS reduces the downtime due to the maintenance, Improves the utilization ratio of the equipment ,and lays the foundation for a stable and efficient production. From: http:/Damn. Slotted. Com/news/Industry_News . HTML (2)The maintenance of the equipment malfunction. When the equipment is in operation, if the abnormal vibration or noise appear, you should immediately stop to In order to make the equipment keep a good performance, in addition to the normal maintenance,you also need to carry out the minor repair,medium repair and overhaul as planned. Overhaul is to disintegrate all or most of the parts for a comprehensive inspection, while,the medium repair and minor repair are relatively simple, you only need to change some parts for maintenance. This reduces the downtime due to the maintenance, improves the utilization ratio of the From: Sessions. Com/news/Industry_News . HTML

Fast food nation book by Eric Schlosser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast food nation book by Eric Schlosser - Essay Example Yes, Mr. Schlosser you have proved it right. Pen is indeed mightier than the sword that the McDonald uses to slaughter the animals. America, wake up! A society that treats millionaires and billionaires only as part of their culture has no future. American courts will have a tough time in doing some real interpretations as to what food is good for the citizens of America. In the name of free economy, the powerful ones cannot hold the population of the country to ransom as for their eating habits. Agreed, the working mothers have no time to cook food at home; but that doesn’t mean they will watch silently when poison is fed to their children in the guise of fast foods. When the mothers wake up, McDonalds will feel sorry for their expansion plans and closure of the branches will be at double the speed of the inaugural tempo. The vigorous churning process is on, on all the above issues as a result of the publication of â€Å"Fast Food Nation†, by Eric Schlosser. He is the c ause of many a sleepless nights to the management of McDonalds! An inquiry commission perhaps cannot do better than the comprehensive ‘report’ that Eric has produced in the form of a book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation.† He has dealt with every conceivable issue social, cultural, political etc. that affects not only America, but the people of the countries all over the world. Eric makes his objectives of writing the book clear. He writes, â€Å"This is a book about fast food, the values it embodies, and the world it has made†¦.I am interested in it both as a commodity and as a metaphor. What people eat (or don’t eat) has always been determined by a complex interplay of social, economic and technological forces†. (3) The industry’s drive for expansion, consolidation, uniformity and speed has transformed the lifestyles of American people. The changes are unfortunately not for the better. What a revolution cannot

International Financial Accounting and Social and Environmental Theory Essay

International Financial Accounting and Social and Environmental Theory - Essay Example The primary issue concerning social and environmental theory is the way the society determines developments, goals, and innovations in accounting practice. It is generally agreeable that the society and environment in which accounting practices are applicable affects its development to some extent. However, the extent and the framework with which the social and environmental theory has influenced current accounting practices is a matter of dispute. Actors in this theory are the members of society being users, accountants, and generally stakeholders of accounting practices. Development of Accounting Practices Stakeholders in the society are considered to have control over accounting practices, their developments, and the directions in which such developments take place, to some extent within a given social setting. The influence of practices and developments is referred to as agency, where stakeholders in the society have the ability to influence accounting practices toward attaining some end. The level of accounting practices largely depends upon the kind of environment those stakeholders come from. Social and environmental structures are the interactions of stakeholders with societal cultures and norms that define them. The structures range from those of family setting, organizational and a country in general. It is agreeable that developments, innovations, and the general progress of accounting research varies from one country to another with respect to social, cultural and environmental differences. International financial accounting places its current practices on the heterogeneous aspect, despite globalization and efforts of researchers towards standardizing the practice (Humphrey, 2007, p.74). Institutional, family level and country structures are to some extent the result of stakeholders using and maintaining their use in accounting through a combination of purposive actions and their beliefs. Social and environmental efficacy is the ability of stakehold ers to cause changes in accounting practices, with respect to corporate social responsibilty. Although it is generally considered that people are to some extent products of the society and environments, this consideration does not imply that individuals will possibly decide to resist societal and environmental influences, either collectively or individually. Corporate social responsibility thus brings up treatment of accounting practices as activities of conventional accounting researched with universal preconceptions and assumptions to mainstream financial accounting. This approach assumes that the community is the main user of information and accounting practices in general. More to this approach, corporate social responsibility places environmental and social reporting at the epicenter of an examination of the purpose of information in agreement between the society and organization (Gray, Kouhy and Lavers, 1995, p.48). Accounting practice stakeholders in the social circle encompa ss researchers, teachers, practitioners, and academicians as influential thinkers who are concerned with social and environmental accounting. Current practices can be generally tied to high level of interactions and discussion

Stance Against Animal Testing

Stance Against Animal Testing Each year, more than 100 million animals are killed in U.S. laboratories (Experiments on animals: Overview). One hundred million per year is an overwhelming amount considering how little progress is made from animal testing. There is no justifiable reason for making living beings suffer when the biological makeup of animals and humans is so different and there is a plethora of alternatives. Defenseless animals are put in an overwhelming amount of pain being tested on for mankinds own selfish benefit which is unethical and immoral. They are subjected to the torture of constantly being poked and prodded with needles, forced to ingest/inhale, their skin being burned off, holes drilled into their skull, being isolated and confined to a cage, along with many other traumatic experiences until their death, in addition to having to deal with the after effects of the procedures being inflicted upon them all for experiments that do not ensure the results will be similar to those ofÂÂ   humans. 78,294 animals subjected to severe pain near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized conscious animalsÂÂ   according to the statistics of Canada in 2013. This is an astonishing amount of animals forced to go through agonizing pain for the sake of human research in just one year. Reports conclude that even the minimal standards set forth by the AWA are not bein g met by these facilities This shows that these animals are not even being provided the least bit of comfort or care during these experiments. These animals are being tortured and treated inhumanely for the testing of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical research when the information being collected is not completely accurate and there areÂÂ   many other alternatives (Experiments on Animals: Overview Peta). Since animals and humans are so different, testing on animals does not correctly show how a drug or chemical will react on a human. Animals and humans organs, nervous systems, cellular makeup, and physical bodies are not similar enough to be considering an animals reaction to something anywhere near the same as a humans might be. Even if a new chemical entity is deemed safe at animal stage, it only has an 8 percent chance of being approved for human usage (Ericson) A mere eight percent is not worth taking an animals life over. Currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies (Experiments on Animals: Overview). This is only one out of ten experimental drugs being successful based on animal studies. Millions of animals are being made to suffer and die for barely any progress. There are plenty of new advances in science and technology that provide ways of testing that do not include bringing any harm to animals and give more accurate information. One of these alternatives is called the chemosynthetic liver.ÂÂ   A veteran chemist, Mukund Chorghade, came up with the idea to start with liver cells and created a chemical compound that is the chemosynthetic liver. The chemosynthetic liver has the ability to run a drug through it and tell the exact results of how it would work going through a living human being, making it easier and faster to catch anything wrong. In one sample trial, the chemosynthetic liver caught a particularly nasty metabolite that would have set the developer back millions of dollars and countless hours of research. It did so by providing a level of specificity that would otherwise have required about 1,000 rats and 100 dogs This confirms the staggering difference between using the chemosynthetic liver versus testing on an animal. The method saves not only time and money, but animal lives as well. Though still in its early phase, the method has already proven viable in 50 similar sample studies. This verifies that the chemosynthetic liver has proven to be a reliable way of testing so far, and is worth further developing. In addition to the chemosynthetic liver another way of testing that is becoming more common is computer modeling. Many researchers now have access to advanced computer software capable of mimicking and replicating many of the functions of the human body. These programs allow researchers to study the effects of any changes to the human body without testing these changes on animals By using computer models that can predict human body reactions more precise data is being gathered while sparing animal lives. There is also stem cells, which are cells that can develop into any human tissue or structure. By using stem cells, researchers can create specialized organ tissues to study diseases and other abnormalities without involving any living beings (Alternatives to Animal Testing) Stem cells have the advantage of actually being made into human tissue which is significantly more accurate than testing on an animal while not causing any harm. This just further proves that there is no need to test on animals with the advanced technology we have today. Since animal testing proves to only have an 8 percent chance of being deemed safe for human usage (Ericson), causes animals excruciating pain and there are alternatives such as the chemosynthetic liver, computer modeling, and stem cells available, animal testing is not needed in this day and age. In conclusion, animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. Works Cited Alternatives to Animal Testing. Research in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CYODOBR772899801it=rasid=eee040ce3e96ced50100e71b505e0887. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Animal Experimentation. Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CLPQUWH681386081it=rasid=6208c5056307c4d43ea2338d2acc392c. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Animal Testing. Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2015. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CVWTFPN342363283it=rasid=3563c04c5e6bec653161845916a9d290. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017. Ericson, John. Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing. Newsweek, 28 Mar. 2014, p. 1. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA362262525it=rasid=382274e7e9beddd55d2ce864c779052e. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Experiments on Animals: Overview. PETA, PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/.